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dc.contributor.authorBrakstad, Odd Gunnar
dc.contributor.authorAltin, Dag
dc.contributor.authorAas, Marianne
dc.contributor.authorSkancke, Jørgen
dc.contributor.authorNordtug, Trond
dc.contributor.authorFarkas, Julia
dc.date.accessioned2022-10-11T07:49:34Z
dc.date.available2022-10-11T07:49:34Z
dc.date.created2020-12-03T12:26:23Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.citationScience of The Total Environment, 2021, 758, 1-6en_US
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/3025271
dc.description.abstractPolymer injection is used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) when an oil field ages and the pressure in the reservoir decreases, or for oil fields with heavy oil. By polymer injection, the viscosity of the water injected for pressure support is increased by mixing with a high concentration of a polymer solution. Polymers used in EOR operations are often high molecular weight polyacrylamides, including anionic polyacrylamide (APAM), which may subsequently enter the marine environment with produced water releases. Since seawater (SW) contains mineral particles (MPs) in low concentrations, and polymers like APAM are known to flocculate MPs, we investigated if APAM at different concentrations (0.5–10 mg/L) would attach and flocculate MPs, when these occurred in concentrations relevant for oceanic SW (1 mg/L). Two types of MPs, diatomaceous earth and kaolin, were exposed to fluorescence-tagged APAM (APAM-TAG). A low-energy carousel system with natural seawater (SW) was used for incubation of MPs and APAM-TAG at a temperature relevant for the Norwegian Continental Shelf (13 °C). Attachment to MPs and aggregates of these were analysed by fluorometry and fluorescence microscopy. Particle analyses showed that only minor fractions of the MPs aggregated. When samples were separated in steel filter with a mesh size of 20 μm, APAM-TAG was mainly measured in the flow-through fraction (<20 μm), and the results therefore showed that the polymer mainly remained in the water-phase, or was attached to small particles (<20 μm). For the small fraction of APAM attaching to aggregated MPs, attraction to kaolin was higher than to diatomaceous earth, and fluorescence microscopy analyses confirmed the presence of fluorescent particles at the higher APAM concentrations. MPs at concentrations relevant for oceanic SW are therefore not expected to significantly contribute to sedimentation of APAM dissolved in the water column.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.subjectFlocculationen_US
dc.subjectKaolinen_US
dc.subjectDiatomaceous earthen_US
dc.subjectAPAMen_US
dc.subjectPolymeren_US
dc.titleAttachment of APAM to mineral particles in seawateren_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.Ven_US
dc.source.pagenumber6en_US
dc.source.volume758en_US
dc.source.journalScience of the Total Environmenten_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143888
dc.identifier.cristin1855784
dc.source.articlenumber143888en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode2


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Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal