• Assessment of cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      This paper assesses cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas (ECA). The first regulation of air pollutions from ships which came into effect in the late 1990s was not strict and could ...
    • Batteries in offshore support vessels – Pollution, climate impact and economics 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
    • Environmental regulations in shipping: Policies leaning towards globalization of scrubbers deserve scrutiny 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016-08)
      ABSTRACT Emission regulations for Sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are motivated by health- and other environmental objectives in local and regional settings, while global warming concerns motivate policies ...
    • On two speed optimization problems for ships that sail in and out of emission control areas 

      Fagerholt, Kjetil; Psaraftis, Harilaos (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      This paper deals with two speed optimization problems for ships that sail in and out of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) with strict limits on sulfur emissions. For ships crossing in and out of ECAs, such as deep-sea vessels, ...
    • Optimal ship lifetime fuel and power system selection 

      Lagemann, Benjamin; Lindstad, Elizabeth; Fagerholt, Kjetil; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Erikstad, Stein Ove (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Alternative fuels and fuel-flexible ships are often seen as promising solutions for achieving significant greenhouse gas reductions in shipping. We formulate the selection of alternative fuels and corresponding ship power ...
    • Potential power setups, fuels and hull designs capable of satisfying future EEDI requirements 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Bø, Torstein Ingebrigtsen (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018-08)
      Maritime emission regulations set limits for SOx and NOx emissions for health and environmental reasons, and for CO2, through the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), with the general aim of mitigating global warming. ...
    • Reduction of maritime GHG emissions and the potential role of E-fuels 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Lagemann, Benjamin; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Gamlem, Gunnar Malm; Valland, Anders (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Maritime transport accounts for around 3% of global anthropogenic Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Well-to-Wake) and these emissions must be reduced with at least 50% in absolute values by 2050, to contribute to the ambitions ...
    • State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review 

      Bouman, Evert; Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2017)
      CO2 emissions from maritime transport represent around 3% of total annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions are assumed to increase by 150–250% in 2050 in business-as-usual scenarios with a ...
    • Sulphur Abatement Globally in Maritime Shipping 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rehn, Carl Fredrik; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce sulphur emissions to air from maritime shipping starting 2020. The regulation implies that ships can continue to use residual ...
    • Wise use of renewable energy in transport 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Ask, Tor Øyvind; Cariou, Pierre; Eskeland, Gunnar; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      The transport sector accounts for around 25 % of global energy use, considering both fuel production and consumption. To mitigate climate change, a fast decarbonization of transport is therefore often seen as a necessity, ...
    • Wise use of renewable energy in transport 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Ask, Tor Øyvind; Cariou, Pierre; Eskeland, Gunnar; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      The transport sector accounts for around 25 % of global energy use, considering both fuel production and consumption. To mitigate climate change, a fast decarbonization of transport is therefore often seen as a necessity, ...