• Assessment of cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      This paper assesses cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas (ECA). The first regulation of air pollutions from ships which came into effect in the late 1990s was not strict and could ...
    • Decarbonizing bulk shipping combining ship design and alternative power 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Polic, Drazen; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Sandaas, Inge; Stokke, Tor (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      The Sixth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stresses the urgency to rapidly reduce global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to contain global warming. The main focus in the design of ...
    • Maritime Shipping and Emissions: A three-layered, damage based approach 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Psaraftis, Harilaos; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article, 2015)
      Policy emphasis in ship design must be shifted away from global and idealized towards regional based and realistic vessel operating conditions. The present approach to reducing shipping emissions through technical standards ...
    • Open Hatch Carriers – Future Vessel Designs & Operations 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Alterskjær, Sverre Anders; Sandaas, Inge; Solheim, Astrid Vamråk; Vigsnes, Joakim Tveiten (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      The development of Open hatch carriers (OHC) dates back to the early 1960s linked to transport of newsprint from the paper mills along the coast of British Columbia (Canada) to the news-printers in San Francisco and Los ...
    • Revitalization of short sea shipping through slender, simplified and standardized designs SMC-007-2016 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Sandaas, Inge; Steen, Sverre (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Despite the political objective of decreasing road transport and transfer cargo to rail and sea, short sea shipping is struggling. Historically, building larger vessels has been the main pathway for reducing fuel consumption ...
    • Ship of the future – A slender dry-bulker with wind assisted propulsion 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Stokke, Tor; Alterskjær, Anders; Borgen, Henning; Sandaas, Inge (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      From the first days of our civilization sea transport has enabled trades. Today sea transport accounts for 80% of the Global trade measured in ton miles and 3% of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. More than 40% of this sea ...