Browsing SINTEF Open by Author "Lindstad, Elizabeth"
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Analyzing different designs of liner shipping feeder networks: a case study
Msakni, Mohamed Kais; Fagerholt, Kjetil; Meisel, Frank; Lindstad, Elizabeth (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020-02)This paper proposes different network structures for a real liner shipping company to serve demands between Norwegian and European continental ports. The current practice of the shipping company deploys a feeder network ... -
Assessment of cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)This paper assesses cost as a function of abatement options in maritime emission control areas (ECA). The first regulation of air pollutions from ships which came into effect in the late 1990s was not strict and could ... -
Autonomous ship concept evaluation – Quantification of competitiveness and societal impact
Nordahl, Håvard; Nesheim, Dag Atle; Lindstad, Elizabeth (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)The prospect of large-scale international adoption of autonomous ships has led to expectations of reduced costs and emissions for waterborne transport of goods. This is commonly attributed to the possibility of removing ... -
Batteries in offshore support vessels – Pollution, climate impact and economics
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016) -
Decarbonizing bulk shipping combining ship design and alternative power
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Polic, Drazen; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Sandaas, Inge; Stokke, Tor (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)The Sixth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stresses the urgency to rapidly reduce global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to contain global warming. The main focus in the design of ... -
Decarbonizing Maritime Transport: The Importance of Engine Technology and Regulations for LNG to serve as a Transition Fuel
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Valland, Anders (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is ... -
An economic analysis of introducing autonomous ships in a short‐sea liner shipping network
Akbar, Abeera; Aasen, Anna Kristine Almestad; Msakni, Mohamed Kais; Fagerholt, Kjetil; Lindstad, Elizabeth; Meisel, Frank (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020-03-16)The development of autonomous ships is at an advanced stage. It seems to be just a question of time before such ships become available at an industrial scale. In this paper, we investigate the economic advantages of utilizing ... -
Economic savings linked to future Arctic shipping are at odds with climate change mitigation
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Bright, Ryan M.; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with main focus on the Northern Sea Route. The entire route lies in Arctic waters, which due to global warming, has become ice free ... -
Environmental regulations in shipping: Policies leaning towards globalization of scrubbers deserve scrutiny
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016-08)ABSTRACT Emission regulations for Sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are motivated by health- and other environmental objectives in local and regional settings, while global warming concerns motivate policies ... -
Environmental Taxation in Transport
Eskeland, Gunnar; Lindstad, Elizabeth (Journal article, 2016)Abstract For the purpose of providing public goods (e.g. air quality, congestion management and greenhouse gas mitigation), the transportation sector employs – and should employ – imperfect policy instruments, such as fuel ... -
Improving Cost and Fuel efficiency of short sea Ro-Ro vessels through more Slender Designs – a feasibility study
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Mørch, Hans Jørgen; Sandass, Inge (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2016)Despite the political objective of decreasing road transport and transfer cargo to rail and sea, short sea shipping is struggling. There is therefore a need for development of new short sea Ro-Ro vessels which use significantly ... -
LNG and cruise ships, an easy way to fulfil regulations-versus the need for reducing GHG emissions
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)Liquified natural gas (LNG), with its low sulphur content, its favorable hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and the lower nitrogen oxide emission when combusted compared to conventional fuels, fulfils all International Maritime ... -
Maritime Shipping and Emissions: A three-layered, damage based approach
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Psaraftis, Harilaos; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article, 2015)Policy emphasis in ship design must be shifted away from global and idealized towards regional based and realistic vessel operating conditions. The present approach to reducing shipping emissions through technical standards ... -
Open Hatch Carriers – Future Vessel Designs & Operations
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Alterskjær, Sverre Anders; Sandaas, Inge; Solheim, Astrid Vamråk; Vigsnes, Joakim Tveiten (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)The development of Open hatch carriers (OHC) dates back to the early 1960s linked to transport of newsprint from the paper mills along the coast of British Columbia (Canada) to the news-printers in San Francisco and Los ... -
Opportunities for increased profit and reduced cost and emissions by service differentiation within container liner shipping
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Asbjørnslett, Bjørn Egil; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)This paper investigates opportunities for increased profit and reduced emissions and cost by service differentiation within container shipping. Traditionally the strategy among the container lines has been profit maximization ... -
Optimal ship lifetime fuel and power system selection
Lagemann, Benjamin; Lindstad, Elizabeth; Fagerholt, Kjetil; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Erikstad, Stein Ove (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)Alternative fuels and fuel-flexible ships are often seen as promising solutions for achieving significant greenhouse gas reductions in shipping. We formulate the selection of alternative fuels and corresponding ship power ... -
Potential power setups, fuels and hull designs capable of satisfying future EEDI requirements
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Bø, Torstein Ingebrigtsen (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018-08)Maritime emission regulations set limits for SOx and NOx emissions for health and environmental reasons, and for CO2, through the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), with the general aim of mitigating global warming. ... -
Reduction of maritime GHG emissions and the potential role of E-fuels
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Lagemann, Benjamin; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle; Gamlem, Gunnar Malm; Valland, Anders (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)Maritime transport accounts for around 3% of global anthropogenic Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Well-to-Wake) and these emissions must be reduced with at least 50% in absolute values by 2050, to contribute to the ambitions ... -
Revitalization of short sea shipping through slender, simplified and standardized designs SMC-007-2016
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Sandaas, Inge; Steen, Sverre (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)Despite the political objective of decreasing road transport and transfer cargo to rail and sea, short sea shipping is struggling. Historically, building larger vessels has been the main pathway for reducing fuel consumption ... -
Ship of the future – A slender dry-bulker with wind assisted propulsion
Lindstad, Elizabeth; Stokke, Tor; Alterskjær, Anders; Borgen, Henning; Sandaas, Inge (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)From the first days of our civilization sea transport has enabled trades. Today sea transport accounts for 80% of the Global trade measured in ton miles and 3% of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. More than 40% of this sea ...