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dc.contributor.authorHalsband-Lenk, Claudia
dc.contributor.authorSørensen, Lisbet
dc.contributor.authorBooth, Andy
dc.contributor.authorHerzke, Dorte
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-31T12:58:31Z
dc.date.available2024-07-31T12:58:31Z
dc.date.created2020-07-28T19:52:44Z
dc.date.issued2020-07-27
dc.identifier.citationFrontiers in Environmental Science. 2020, 8 (125), .en_US
dc.identifier.issn2296-665X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/3143900
dc.description.abstractCrumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal. The current study investigated the organic chemical and metal additive content of ‘pristine’ and ‘weathered’ CRG and their seawater leachates, as well as uptake and effects of leachate exposure using marine copepods (Acartia and Calanus sp.). A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g., bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg–1 quantities of Zn and mg kg–1 quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co (metals), as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h. The smaller lipid-poor Acartia had a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-rich Calanus, indicating species-specific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherFrontiers Environmental Scienceen_US
dc.rightsNavngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleCar tire crumb rubber: Does leaching produce a toxic chemical cocktail in coastal marine systems?en_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holder© 2020 Halsband, Sørensen, Booth and Herzke. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.en_US
dc.source.pagenumber15en_US
dc.source.volume8en_US
dc.source.journalFrontiers in Environmental Scienceen_US
dc.source.issue125en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fenvs.2020.00125
dc.identifier.cristin1820808
dc.relation.projectFramsenteret: 1002018en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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