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dc.contributor.authorBerstad, David Olsson
dc.contributor.authorGardarsdottir, Stefania Osk
dc.contributor.authorRoussanaly, Simon
dc.contributor.authorVoldsund, Mari
dc.contributor.authorIshimoto, Yuki
dc.contributor.authorNekså, Petter
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-16T14:12:01Z
dc.date.available2021-11-16T14:12:01Z
dc.date.created2021-11-02T11:24:36Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.identifier.issn1364-0321
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2829912
dc.description.abstractIn the literature, different energy carriers are proposed in future long-distance hydrogen value chains. Hydrogen can be stored and transported in different forms, e.g. as compressed dense-phase hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen and in chemically bound forms as different chemical hydrides. Recently, different high-level value chain studies have made extrapolative investigations and compared such options with respect to energy efficiency and cost. Three recent journal papers overlap as the liquid hydrogen option has been considered in all three studies. The studies are not fully aligned in terms of underlying assumptions and battery limits. A comparison reveals partly vast differences in results for chain energy efficiency for long-distance liquid hydrogen transport, which are attributable to distinct differences in the set of assumptions. Our comparison pinpoints the boiloff ratio, i.e. evaporation losses due to heat ingress, in liquid hydrogen storage tanks as the main cause of the differences, and this assumption is further discussed. A review of spherical tank size and attributed boiloff ratios is presented, for existing tanks of different vintage as well as for recently proposed designs. Furthermore, the prospect for further extension of tanks size and reduction of boiloff ratio is discussed, with a complementary discussion about the use of economic assumptions in extrapolative and predictive studies. Finally, we discuss the impact of battery limits in hydrogen value chain studies and pinpoint knowledge needs and the need for a detailed bottom-up approach as a prerequisite for improving the understanding for pros and cons of the different hydrogen energy carriers.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.titleLiquid hydrogen as prospective energy carrier: A brief review and discussion of underlying assumptions applied in value chain analysisen_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderThe Authorsen_US
dc.source.volume154en_US
dc.source.journalRenewable & Sustainable Energy Reviewsen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.rser.2021.111772
dc.identifier.cristin1950532
dc.relation.projectNorges forskningsråd: 320233en_US
dc.source.articlenumber111772en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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