• Analysis of nitro- and oxy-PAH emissions from a pilot scale silicon process with flue gas recirculation 

      Arnesen, Kamilla; Andersen, Vegar; Jakovljevic, Katarina; Enge, Ellen Katrin; Gaertner, Heiko; Aarhaug, Thor Anders; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tranell, Maria Gabriella (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Silicon alloys are produced by carbothermic reduction of quartz in a submerged arc furnace. This high-temperature pyrolytic process is a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are a group of aromatic ...
    • Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Pilot Scale Silicon Process with Flue Gas Recirculation 

      Arnesen, Kamilla; Vachaparambil, Kurian Jomy; Vegar, Andersen; Panjwani, Balram; Jakovljevic, Katarina; Enge, Ellen Katrin; Gaertner, Heiko; Aarhaug, Thor Anders; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tranell, Maria Gabriella (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a method used in several industries to control emissions and process conditions, such as NOx reduction and temperature levels, and increase the CO2 concentration in the off-gas, to be better ...
    • Bubble Phenomena and Bubble Properties for Horizontal and Vertical Carbon Anode Surfaces in Cryolite Melt Applying a See‐Through Cell 

      Stanic, Nikolina; Martinez, Ana Maria Cuellar; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Sandnes, Espen (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Gas bubble behavior on a carbon anode in a cryolite melt has been studied using a see-through cell. The phenomena studied have been growth, coalescence, detachment, and wetting during electrolysis. The surface orientation ...
    • Experimental and Numerical Study on Tapping of Two Liquids through a Single Tap-Hole 

      Loomba, Varun; Olsen, Jan Erik Øvrebø; Reynolds, Quinn Gareth; Oxtoby, Oliver; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      The production of industrial metals in pyrometallurgical smelting furnaces is central to modern industry. Tapping of metal and slag from smelting furnaces is a complex and difficult process. Any variations from tap to tap ...
    • The Formation and Disintegration of Rafts from Different Aluminas and Fines 

      Gylver, Sindre Engzelius; Bekkevoll, Simen; Rørvik, Stein; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Raft formation is a frequently encountered problem during alumina feeding in the Hall-Héroult-process and will delay alumina from being dissolved into the melt. The mechanisms for the formation and disintegration of rafts ...
    • Gas Flow and Pressure Drop in Charge Material in Silicon Production 

      Ringdalen, Eli; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Nordhus, Astrid (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Gassing, outbursts of high-rate gas flows through the taphole, is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs during tapping of silicon furnaces. In addition to being an HSE challenge, this might also affect the tapping, while the ...
    • Heating New Anodes Using the Waste Heat of Anode Butts: Establishing the Interface Thermal Contact Resistance 

      Dupuis, Marc; Gudbrandsen, Henrik; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series;2367-1181, Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      In order to be able to assess the rate of heat transfer between a new anode and an anode butt, it is critical to measure the interface thermal contact resistance between them. For that purpose, a lab experiment has been ...
    • Influence of Atmosphere and Temperature on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Green Anode Paste Baking 

      Arnesen, Kamilla; Aarhaug, Thor Anders; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tranell, Maria Gabriella (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      Coal tar pitch, a well-known source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is used as a binder of petroleum coke in prebaked anodes used for electrolysis of aluminum. Anodes are baked up to 1100 °C over a 20-day period, ...
    • Interfacial Behaviour in Ferroalloys: The Influence of Sulfur in FeMn and SiMn Systems 

      Bublik, Sergey; Bao, Sarina; Tangstad, Merete; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      The present study has investigated the influence of sulfur content in synthetic FeMn and SiMn from 0 to 1.00 wt pct on interfacial properties between these ferroalloys and slags. The effect of experimental parameters such ...
    • Investigation of Two Immiscible Liquids Wetting at Elevated Temperature: Interaction Between Liquid FeMn Alloy and Liquid Slag 

      Bao, Sarina; Tangstad, Merete; Tang, Kai; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Syvertsen, Martin; Onsøien, Morten Ingar; Kudyba, Artur; Bublik, Sergey (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      The goal of the current work is to develop a methodology to study the wetting behaviour of two immiscible liquids at high temperatures, and to investigate the parameters which influence the wetting properties. The wetting ...
    • Lab Scale Experiments on Alumina Raft Formation 

      Gylver, Sindre Engzelius; Solheim, Asbjørn; Gudbrandsen, Henrik; Follo, Åste Hegglid; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series;2367-1181, Chapter; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      During feeding of alumina into a Hall-Héroult cell, rafts floating on the bath surface may be formed. In this study, rafts were created in a laboratory furnace by adding 4 g secondary alumina in industrial bath. Samples ...
    • On pragmatism in industrial modeling 

      Zoric, Josip; Johansen, Stein Tore; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Solheim, Asbjørn (SINTEF Proceedings;1, Chapter, 2015)
      Many natural or industrial processes are of extreme complexity, and where the time- and length scales range from an atomistic level to years and kilometers. Often the processes or phenomena consist of multiple sub processes ...
    • Pilot-Scale Test of Flue Gas Recirculation for The Silicon Process 

      Andersen, Vegar; Solheim, Ingeborg; Gaertner, Heiko; Sægrov-Sorte, Bendik; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tranell, Maria Gabriella (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Flue gas recirculation (FGR) for the silicon process may facilitate increasing the CO2 concentration in the off-gas, which will be beneficial for potential future carbon capture. Lower oxygen concentration in the combustion ...
    • A Review of Ferroalloy Tapping Models 

      Bublik, Sergey; Olsen, Jan Erik; Loomba, Varun; Reynolds, Quinn Gareth; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Tapping is an important furnace operation in the ferroalloy industry and poses a number of complex and coupled challenges of both practical and economical importance. Owing to the hazardous high-temperature conditions ...
    • Slag Properties in the Primary Production Process of Mn-Ferroalloys. 

      Tangstad, Merete; Bublik, Sergey; Haghdani, Shokouh; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tang, Kai (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the carbothermic reduction of MnO in the five-component slag, MnO-SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3, is critical in the production process of Mn-ferroalloys. While the reduction rate is mainly ...
    • Slag-metal interactions in the FeMn tapping process: Interfacial properties and wetting 

      Bublik, Sergey; Bao, Sarina; Tangstad, Merete; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Chapter, 2019)
      FeMn-alloys are produced by transforming ore and carbon materials into FeMn and slag at high temperatures in a furnace. Entrainment of FeMn in slag during tapping reduces the yield. Entrainment and subsequent separation ...
    • A Study of Bubble Behavior and Anode Effect on the Graphite and Industrial Carbon Anode in a See-Through Furnace During Aluminium Electrolysis 

      Stanic, Nikolina; Martinez, Ana Maria Cuellar; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Sandnes, Espen (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Anode gas bubble behavior and anode effect on graphite and industrial carbon rod-shaped anode in a cryolite melt have been studied using a see-through furnace. The different carbon materials have different properties which ...
    • Tapping Gas from the Silicon Submerged Arc Furnace: An Industrial Measurement Campaign 

      Andersen, Vegar; Gaertner, Heiko; Grådahl, Svend; Ksiazek, Michal Tomasz; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Tranell, Gabriella (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Producing high-silicon alloys in submerged arc furnaces (SAF) involves the generation of an intermediate process gas, consisting of silicon monoxide (SiO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Combustion of process gas from the taphole ...
    • The micro- and macrostructure of alumina rafts 

      Gylver, Sindre Engzelius; Nina Helene, Omdahl; Rørvik, Stein; Hansen, Ingrid; Nautnes, Andrea; Neverdal, Sofie Nilssen; Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
    • Towards a coupled multi-scale, multi-physics simulation framework for aluminium electrolysis 

      Einarsrud, Kristian Etienne; Eick, Ingo; Bai, Wei; Feng, Yuqing; Hua, Jinsong; Witt, Peter J. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2017)
      Aluminium metal production through electrolytic reduction of alumina in a cryolite bath is a complex, multi-physics, multi-scale process, including magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD), bubble flow, thermal convection, melting and ...